Samuel Armas, a chattering, brown-eyed 3½-year-old, has no idea what “fetus” means. Nor does he realize that he was one of the most celebrated in medical history.

AT A MERE 21 weeks of gestational age—long before it was time to leave his mother’s womb—Samuel underwent a bold and experimental surgical procedure to close a hole at the bottom of his spinal cord, the telltale characteristic of myelomeningocele, or spina bifida. Samuel’s parents, Julie and Alex, could have terminated Julie’s pregnancy at 15 weeks when they learned about their son’s condition, which can result in lifelong physical and mental disabilities. But the Armases do not believe in abortion. Instead, in August 1999, they drove 250 miles from their home in Villa Rica, Ga., to Nashville, Tenn., where Dr. Joseph Bruner, of Vanderbilt University, performed a surgery bordering on the fantastical. Bruner cut into Julie’s abdomen, lifted her balloonlike uterus out of her body, made an incision in the taut muscle, removed the fetus, sewed up the spinal defect and tucked him back inside. Fifteen weeks later Samuel Armas “came out screaming,” says Julie.

That scream became a rallying cry for fetal-rights groups, which seized on a stunning photograph of Samuel’s tiny hand emerging from his mother’s uterus during surgery. Since then, anti-abortion activists have posted the image on dozens of Web sites to show just how real human fetuses are—even those that aren’t yet viable. And that’s just fine with the Armases. “We’re very glad it’s gotten visibility,” says Alex. “That wasn’t our fetus, that was Samuel.”